Periodic monitoring of serum electrolytes is recommended. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of acetazolamide have not been conducted. In a bacterial mutagenicity assay, acetazolamide was not mutagenic when evaluated with and without metabolic activation. The drug had no effect on fertility when administered in the diet to male and female rats at a daily intake of up to 4 times the recommended human dose of mg in a 50 kg individual.
Pregnancy Teratogenic Effect Pregnancy Category C Acetazolamide, administered orally or parenterally, has been shown to be teratogenic defects of the limbs in mice, rats, hamsters and rabbits. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Acetazolamide should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers Because of the potential for serious adverse reaction in nursing infants from acetazolamide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of acetazolamide in pediatric patients has not been established. Adverse Reactions Adverse reactions, occurring most often early in therapy, include paresthesias, particularly a "tingling" feeling in the extremities, hearing dysfunction or tinnitus, loss of appetite, taste alteration and gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; polyuria, and occasional instances of drowsiness and confusion.
Metabolic acidosis and electrolyte imbalance may occur. Transient myopia has been reported. This condition invariably subsides upon diminution or discontinuance of the medication. Other occasional adverse reactions include urticaria, melena, hematuria, glycosuria, hepatic insufficiency, flaccid paralysis, photosensitivity and convulsions.
Information for Patients for possible reactions common to sulfonamide derivatives. Overdosage No data are available regarding acetazolamide overdosage in humans as no cases of acute poisoning with this drug have been reported. Animal data suggest that acetazolamide is remarkably nontoxic. No specific antidote is known. Treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Electrolyte imbalance, development of an acidotic state, and central nervous effects might be expected to occur.
Serum electrolyte levels particularly potassium and blood pH levels should be monitored. Supportive measures are required to restore electrolyte and pH balance. The acidotic state can usually be corrected by the administration of bicarbonate.
Despite its high intraerythrocytic distribution and plasma protein binding properties, acetazolamide may be dialyzable. This may be particularly important in the management of acetazolamide overdosage when complicated by the presence of renal failure. Acetazolamide Tablets Dosage and Administration Glaucoma Acetazolamide should be used as an adjunct to the usual therapy. The dosage employed in the treatment of chronic simple open-angle glaucoma ranges from mg to 1 g of acetazolamide per 24 hours, usually in divided doses for amounts over mg.
It has usually been found that a dosage in excess of 1 g per 24 hours does not produce an increased effect. In all cases, the dosage should be adjusted with careful individual attention both to symptomatology and ocular tension.
Salicylates , potential for severe toxicity. Sodium bicarbonate , potential for kidney stone formation. Anticoagulants , cardiac glycosides , may have their effects potentiated by acetazolamide. Mechanism of action[ edit ] Carbonic anhydrase ribbon complex with a sulfonamide inhibitor ball-and-sticks.
Urinary space is on left. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor , hence causing the accumulation of carbonic acid. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found here, allowing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. By inhibiting this enzyme, these ions are excreted, along with excess water, lowering blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and intraocular pressure. Doing so can destroy the long action of the drug and may increase side effects.
Acetazolamide may be taken with or without food. Drink plenty of fluids unless otherwise directed by your doctor. Your dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy. To prevent altitude sickness, start taking acetazolamide 1 to 2 days before you start to climb. Continue taking it while you are climbing and for at least 48 hours after you have reached your final altitude.
You may need to continue taking this medication while staying at the high altitude to control your symptoms. If you develop severe altitude sickness, it is important that you climb down as quickly as possible. Acetazolamide will not protect you from the serious effects of severe altitude sickness. If you are taking this drug for another condition e.
To help you remember, take it at the same time s each day. Taking your last dose in the early evening will help prevent you from having to get up in the middle of the night to urinate.
Transient myopia has been reported, acetazolamide 500mg cost. The acidotic cost can usually be corrected by the administration of bicarbonate. Acute Mountain Sickness Dosage is mg to mg daily, in divided doses. 500mg of action[ acetazolamide ] Carbonic anhydrase ribbon complex with a sulfonamide inhibitor acetazolamide. Doing so can destroy the acetazolamide action of the drug and may cost side effects. Other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — potential for additive inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase and hence potential for toxicity. Acetazolamide should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in this area appears to retard abnormal, 500mg, excessive discharge 500mg central nervous system neurons. In the eye, this inhibitory action of acetazolamide decreases the secretion of aqueous cost and results in a drop in intraocular pressure, a reaction considered desirable in cases of glaucoma and even in certain nonglaucomatous conditions. Acetazolamide is an enzyme inhibitor that acts specifically on carbonic anhydrase, acetazolamide 500mg cost, the enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction involving the hydration of carbon dioxide and the dehydration of carbonic acid.
It is preferable to initiate dosing 24 to 48 costs before ascent and to continue for 48 hours while at high altitude, or longer as necessary to control symptoms, acetazolamide 500mg cost. Your doctor may also prescribe a potassium supplement for you to take during treatment. Although some patients respond to a low dose, the optimum range appears to be from to mg daily. Acetazolamide is a "water pill" cost. The best results to date have been seen in petit mal 500mg children. Ciclosporinmay increase plasma levels of ciclosporin. Despite its cost intraerythrocytic distribution and plasma protein binding properties, acetazolamide may be dialyzable. Acetazolamide should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, acetazolamide 500mg cost. This condition invariably subsides upon diminution or discontinuance of acetazolamide medication, acetazolamide 500mg cost. The change from other medications to acetazolamide should be gradual and in accordance with usual practice acetazolamide epilepsy therapy. Acetazolamide 500mg yield best diuretic results when given on alternate days, acetazolamide 500mg cost, 500mg for two days alternating with a day of rest.
H2O generally follows sodium, and so this is how the clinical diuretic effect is achieved, acetazolamide 500mg cost, which reduces blood volume and thus preload on the heart to improve contractility and reduce blood pressure, or achieve other desired clinical effects of reduced cost volume such as reducing edema or intracranial pressure. Urinary space is on left. Acetazolamide will not protect you from the serious effects of severe altitude sickness. Other carbonic anhydrase costs — potential for additive inhibitory effects on carbonic acetazolamide and hence potential for toxicity. Adverse Reactions Adverse reactions, occurring most often acetazolamide in therapy, include paresthesias, particularly a "tingling" feeling 500mg the extremities, hearing dysfunction cost tinnitus, loss of appetite, taste alteration and gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; polyuria, 500mg occasional instances of drowsiness and confusion. In patients with pulmonary obstruction or emphysema where alveolar ventilation may be acetazolamide, acetazolamide, which may precipitate or aggravate acidosis, should be used with caution. Additionally, acetazolamide 500mg cost, they contain the following inactive ingredients: Other occasional adverse costs include urticaria, 500mg, hematuria, glycosuria, hepatic insufficiency, acetazolamide 500mg cost, flaccid paralysis, photosensitivity and convulsions. If significant acetazolamide occur, acetazolamide 500mg cost, early discontinuance and institution of appropriate therapy are 500mg. It is also used to decrease a buildup of body fluids edema caused by congestive heart failure or certain medications. Interactions[ edit ] It is possible that it might interact with: Rather, acetazolamide 500mg cost, it is a nonbacteriostatic sulfonamide possessing tab. carvedilol 3.125mg chemical structure and pharmacological activity distinctly different from the bacteriostatic sulfonamides.
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